ABSTRACT
Resumen El presente estudio busca obtener evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Involucramiento Parental: Actividades de cuidado y socialización en una muestra de padres peruanos de niños y niñas preescolares. Para ello, se realizó una traducción y armonización del lenguaje del instrumento a partir de su versión en inglés al español, para luego aplicar la nueva versión a un grupo de 420 padres y 420 madres de niños y niñas de cinco ciudades. La evidencia de la estructura interna se evaluó a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, utilizando el método de máxima verosimilitud para examinar la estructura de los 26 ítems originales. Durante el análisis, se procedió a la eliminación progresiva de los ítems con bajas cargas factoriales hasta encontrar un modelo con adecuados indicadores de ajuste [x 2(531) = 822.82; p < .001; x 2/gl = 1.550; GFI = .90; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; RMSEA = .036, IC 90 % = (.031-.041), p close = 1.000, SRMR = .05]. El resultado fue una escala de 18 ítems distribuidos en las cinco dimensiones originales, cada una con confiabilidad por consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach entre .66 y .78 y coeficientes omega entre .70 y .75. La confiabilidad entre evaluadores estuvo entre .67 y .88. Los alcances y limitaciones del estudio son discutidos teniendo en cuenta la importancia de contar con instrumentos de medición del involucramiento paterno, relativo al materno, que consideren las perspectivas de padres y madres en el contexto peruano.
Abstract The present study seeks to obtain validity and reliability evidence of the Parental Involvement Scale: Care and socialization activities in a sample of Peruvian parents of preschool children. For this purpose, the instrument was translated and linguistically harmonized from its English version into Spanish and then applied to a group of 420 fathers and 420 mothers of children from five cities. Evidence of the internal structure was evaluated through a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, using the maximum likelihood method to examine the structure of the original 26 items. Items with low factor loadings were progressively eliminated until a model with adequate fit indicators was found [x 2 (531) = 822.82; p <0,001; x 2 /gl = 1.550; GFI = .90; CFI = .95; TLI = .94; RMSEA = .036, IC del 90% (.031 - .041), p close = 1.000, SRMR = .05]. The result was a18-items scale distributed in the five original dimensions, each with Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability between .66 and .78 and Omega coefficients between .70 and .75. Inter-rater reliability was between .67 and .88. The scope and limitations of the study are discussed considering the relevance of having instruments to measure paternal involvement relative to maternal involvement, that consider the perspectives of fathers and mothers in the Peruvian context.
ABSTRACT
Resumo O presente estudo visou analisar preditores do envolvimento paterno em atividades do dia-a-dia relacionadas com a criança, considerando a perspetiva do pai (crenças sobre o papel do pai) e testando o possível papel regulador da mãe (via crenças maternas). Foram controladas variáveis sociodemográficas dos cuidadores (e.g., habilitações) e da criança (e.g., sexo). Participaram no estudo 241 famílias nucleares (pai, mãe e criança-alvo). Análises de regressão múltipla hierárquica indicam que apenas os modelos relativos aos cuidados são significativos, e que os preditores são distintos consoante os domínios analisados. Obteve-se, ainda, um efeito de inte-ração entre as crenças maternas e o sexo da criança, indicando o potencial papel regulatório da mãe no modo como os pais estão envolvidos nos cuidados diretos às raparigas. Estes resultados colocam questões importantes para o trabalho com as famílias no sentido de promover um maior envolvimento positivo do pai.
Abstract The present study aimed to analyze predictors of father's involvement in day-to-day activities related to the child, from his perspective (beliefs about the role of the father), but also testing the regulatory role of the mother (maternal beliefs). Parents (e.g., education) and child's (e.g., sex) sociodemographic variables were controlled. Participants were 241 Portuguese bi-parental families (father, mother and target-child). Multiple hierarquical regression analyses showed that only for care the models reached significance, and that the predictors of father's involvement vary according to the domains analyzed. An interaction effect was found between mother's beliefs and child sex, suggesting that mothers have a role in the way fathers are involved in direct care with girls. These results foster important questions for interventions with families in order to promote father's positive involvement.
ABSTRACT
O reduzido envolvimento social, aspeto central na definição da solidão social, foi analisado numa amostra de 337 crianças portuguesas (171 rapazes), com idades compreendidas entre os três e os cinco anos. Com base em metodologias de observação, realizadas em contexto de Jardim de infância, verificou-se que níveis reduzidos de envolvimento social estão negativamente associados a baixos níveis de competência social, de resiliência e de um elevado ego-controle. A aceitação pelos pares, o impacto e a preferência social, analisados com base nas medidas sociométricas, encontram-se, também, negativamente associados com os níveis de baixo envolvimento social. Os resultados refletem as dificuldades de ajustamento psicossocial destas crianças e enfatizam o seu potencial risco para o desenvolvimento saudável.
Low social engagement, a central feature of the definition of solitude, was examined in a sample of 337 Portuguese children (171 boys), ages ranging between 3 and 5 years. Based on observation measures, collected in school settings, Low Social Engagement was negatively associated with a broad range of adaptive outcomes, including social competence, ego-resilience as well as higher levels of ego-undercontrol. Negative associations were also found with sociometric measures of peer acceptance, social impact and preference. The results reflect these children's difficulties in the social domain and stress the potential risk factor of social solitude for their healthy development.